The holy and respected Laura of our Holy Father Sabbas the Sanctified in the Judean desert is a unique phenomenon in ecclesiastic history because of its contribution in forming worship and the monastic order and hymnography as well as its multitude of Saints, austere anchorites, divinely inspired theologians and martyrs. Even more significant was the decisive role of the Laura in fighting the heresies which appeared in the Holy Land after its foundation, the defense of Orthodoxy and the rights of the only legitimate Patriarchate of Jerusalem, namely the Greek Orthodox.
The Great Laura of St Sabbas, which celebrates more than 1,500 years of unceasing monasticism, owes its foundation and development to the God-endowed and Spirit-filled monk Saint Sabbas (439-532), who was the lamp shining from on high for those wishing to live the life of an anchorite and fervent intercessor before the Lord for all future “Sabbaite” monks. The first nucleus of the Laura was created by seventy hermits who had gathered around St Sabbas in 483 A.D. Subsequently, the Laura was relocated from the eastern side of the Kidron valley, where the hermitage of St Sabbas was located, to the western side, where the Theoktistos Church was built (486, consecration 491 A.D.). The increased number of the brotherhood members made it necessary to build the main church of the Theotokos (502 A.D.) and to organize the Laura buildings and facilities so as to serve the ever increasing needs. St Sabbas’ reputation and holiness, which resulted in his elevation to head and instructor of all the anchorites of the Jerusalem area (493 A.D.), influenced even the Great Laura which became the model of monastic life and liturgical order – The Typikon – not only for the other monasteries in Palestine and, curing the Middle Ages, the worldwide Church.
Under the leadership of St Sabbas, the Great Laura initially undertook the fight against the heresy of Monophysitism from 512 to 516 A.D., confronting emperor Anastasios and the other three Patriarchates of the East, which were in the hands of the Monophysites. The courageous stand and confession of the anchorites saved the Patriarchate of Jerusalem from heresy. St Sabbas’ successors in the abbacy made the Laura a stronghold against the heresy of Origenism. Under the guidance of Sabbaite St John the Hesychast, former bishop of Colonia (454-558), the Laura abbots Gelasios (537-546), Kassianos (547-548) and Konon (548-568) overwhelmed the wiles of Origenists and their intrigues before the emperor Justinian, yet not without cost. The monks of the Laura, which was the only monastery supporting Orthodoxy, suffered persecution and acts of violence and even the enforced enthronement of the Origenist Abbot Georgios (547 A.D.). Nevertheless, God saved the Laura, and Konon’s actions contributed greatly to the summoning of the Fifth Ecumenical Synod (Council) (553 A.D.), which condemned the errors of Origen once and for all and favored the entire Church forever. The appearance of the Persians in the Holy Land (614 A.D.) was the prelude of the invasion of the Arabs of Islam (638 A.D.). The first holy martyrs of the Laura were the forty-four Sabbaite Fathers slain by the Persians on May 16, 614 A.D.
The reorganization of the Great Laura under Patriarch Modestos after the Arabian conquest was followed by the glorious period, the “golden age” of the Laura, namely the eighth and part of the ninth century, A.D. The greatest theologian of the eighth century, St John of Damascus, the hymnographer, Kosmas the Hagiopolite, Stephanos the Melodist, Michael the Synkellos, Theodore and Theophanes the Graptoi (Branded), Theodore, bishop of Karron (Abu Qurrah), -- distinguished for their holiness and theology, and the Saints Stephanos the miracle-worker, Theodore bishop of Edessa and Michael the holy martyr enriched both the Church of Jerusalem and the Universal Church. Despite the violent and murderous invasions of various barbarians (796, 809, 813 A.D.) and general disorder, the contribution of the Laura to the Church reaches its peak with the stand in favor of the holy icons of St John of Damascus during the first period of Iconoclasm (726-787) and that of Saints Michael Syncellos, Theophanes and Theodore the Graptoi (Branded). The significant role of the Laura for theology is evidenced by the fact that the last three above mentioned confessors were summoned to Constantinople by St Theodore the Studite in relation to this subject. Apart from its theological literary production during this period, the Laura increased its copying and translating activities, becoming the center of Georgian literature from the seventh to the tenth century, as well as the center for translation of ecclesiastical writings from Greek into Arabic. A characteristic example of this is the widely known Ascetic Homilies by St Isaac the Syrian which were first translated from Syrian into Greek by the monks Avramios and Patrikios at the end of the eighth century. The liturgical Typikon of the Laura, along with the hymns of the Sabbaite hymnographers and probably certain monastic practices of the Laura were widely disseminated by distinguished monastery founders from the 9th to the 13th century. The Laura Typikoninfluenced, to a great or lesser degree, the monastic Typika written by St Theodore the Studite (ninth century), St Paul the Younger of Mount Latros (11th century), St Lazaros of Mount Galesion (10-11th century), St Luke of Messina (Sicily, 12th century), St Neophytos the Recluse (Cyprus, 12-13thcentury) and St Nilos of Tamasia (Monastery of Maheras, beginning of 13th century). Already in the ninth century the Typikon of the Laura had found its way to far-away Georgia (by Gregory Khandzta in 826 A.D.). Parallel there was also a spreading of the new hymnographic poetic form, the canon, developed mainly by St John of Damascus and his subsequent “Sabbaite poetic school.” The hymnographic production of the Laura was the foundation upon which ecclesiastical worship was shaped in the period after Iconoclasm. The eight tones in the melody, ascribed to St John of Damascus, prevailed in worship, while his Octaechos constituted the core of the Paraklitiki, the main liturgical book of the church.
During the occupation of the Crusaders, the position of the Laura abbot appears to have been exceptionally high with the Latins, on account of the absence of an Orthodox patriarch in Jerusalem. The Laura was endowed with assets by Queen Melissenda (1131-1162) while the church of the Theotokos and its frescos were renovated by the emperor Manuel Komninos (1143-1186) circa 1169.
The victory of Saladin’s Mamluks against the Crusaders in 1187 A.D. was the beginning of still further hardships for Palestinian Monasticism. Despite the renewed slaughter of Sabbaite monks, the Laura continued to function when all others in the desert were destroyed. During this period the Laura shrank to its core, the surrounding walls were erected and the monks adopted the coenobitic way of life abandoning the lavreotic. The Laura then went through the most difficult phase of struggle for survival within a hostile environment. Nevertheless, it became a significant school for the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher which taught the monastic way of life and matters concerning ecclesiastical subjects. A new renovation of the Laura Katholikon and St Sabbas’ tomb by the emperor Ioannis Kantakouzinos was carried out in the middle of the 14th century.
Even more decisive for this period and for the future of Orthodox worship was the spread of the so-called “neo-Sabbaitic liturgical Typikon” (i.e. the synthesis of the old Sabbaitic Typikon with elements of the Studite Typikon). Having replaced theTypika of the Studite and the Mother of God Evergetis monasteries this Typikonwas established in Constantinople in the 13th-14th century. (Convents of Lips, St Demetrios Kellibara and Mother of GodBebaia Elpis.) During this period, theTypikon was established as far away as Serbia by St Sabbas the Serbian (1175-1236) and the archbishop of Serbia Nicodemos (1317-1324). The new Sabbaite Typikon, on account of the radiant theology of Hesychasm, spread throughout the Balkans, Bulgaria and Russia. From its definitive prevalence everywhere in the 16th century until today, the Sabbaite-Athonite liturgical Typikon has been established as the Typikon of universal Orthodoxy.
The Turkish invasion of Palestine under sultan Selim, accomplished by a new slaughtering of the Sabbaite fathers, did not affect the life of the Laura favorably. Although the sultans had issued more than thirty firmans (between 1533 and 1735) concerning reconstruction of the Laura buildings, tax exemptions and the protection and rights of the Sabbaite Brotherhood, the Sabbaite fathers suffered greatly for many years and whole Arabic villages moved into the Laura. The significant presence of Serbian monks in the Laura, which had initially been a positive bolstering of the small number of Greek monks, ended at the beginning of the 17th century when the Serbians were unable to pay off the debts accrued by their construction activities. The intervention of Patriarch Theofanes III (1608-1644) barely saved the Laura from the hands of the Armenian and Latin creditors.
Among all the benefactors and donors of the Laura were the patriarchs of Jerusalem Nektarios (1669-1707), the so-called “great benefactor,” since they succeeded in restoring the Laura to the exclusive use and habitation of the Sabbaite fathers. Furthermore, they undertook (chiefly Dositheos) numerous and expensive renovations and expansions of the churches, buildings, reservoirs and the wall of the Laura during the years 1667 and 1686.
The Laura owes the present condition of its buildings to constructive activity carried out after the catastrophic earthquake on May 13, 1834 and the subsequent abbacy of Ioasaf the Cretan (1843-1874), a saintly figure of Palestinian monasticism of recent times. Proof of the spiritual depth of this holy, simple, humble and discerning monk is the fact that, for the first time after many centuries, the number of the Sabbaite fathers rose to around eighty.
The continual political changes in the Near East during the 20th century have, by the Grace of God and the intercessions of the Theotokos and our Father St Sabbas, created fewer problems for the Laura than for other monasteries and shrines of the Orthodox Patriarchate. On the contrary, the return of the incorruptible Holy Relics of St Sabbas in 1965, after their absence (possibly since the 13th century) has proved to be a great blessing for the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher, the Laura monks and all the Orthodox Christians of the Holy Land, but also undoubtedly the cause of sure hope in God and evidence of the unceasing fatherly care of St Sabbas for his Laura. The spiritual life of the Laura and the diversity of its contributions to the confrontation of the problems faced by the fathers of the Holy Sepulcher, the Orthodox flock and the pious pilgrims of the Holy Places, makes it possible even today to confirm the truth of the age-old assertion: “Just as Jerusalem is the queen of all cities, so too the Laura of St Sabbas is the prince of all deserts, and so far as Jerusalem is the norm of other cities, so too is St Sabbas the exemplar for other monasteries.”
Taken from an album published by St Sabbas the Sanctified Monastery in Jerusalem in 2002 as part of their celebration of 1,500 unceasing years of monasticism.
http://stsabbas.org/jerusalem.html
